As pointed out in recent coverage on NPR’s Morning Edition, Oklahoma is the only state in the union to offer universal pre-K education. In 2011, Institute senior economist Timothy J. Bartik co-authored a study which produced estimates of the future adult earnings effects associated with Tulsa’s universal pre-K program. The study, which first appeared as Upjohn Institute Working Paper No. 11-176 and then published in Economics of Education Review, finds substantial projected earnings benefits for program participants and benefit-to-cost rations of 3 or 4 to 1.